Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest and most revered classical dance forms of India. Rooted in the rich cultural heritage of South India, particularly the state of Tamil Nadu, it embodies the confluence of art, spirituality, and cultural expression.

Bharatanatyam traces its origins to the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu. Its roots can be found in the Natya Shastra, an ancient treatise on performing arts written by the sage Bharata Muni around 200 BCE to 200 CE. The name "Bharatanatyam" itself is derived from a combination of "Bha" (Bhava, meaning emotion), "Ra" (Raga, meaning melody), and "Ta" (Tala, meaning rhythm), encapsulating the essence of the dance form which seamlessly blends these elements.

The Natya Shastra, composed between 200 BCE and 200 CE, serves as a comprehensive guide to various aspects of Indian classical dance, drama, and music. It outlines the principles of performance, techniques, gestures, emotions, and stagecraft that form the bedrock of Bharatanatyam.

Mythologically, Bharatanatyam is believed to have been divinely inspired. According to Hindu tradition, it was created by Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, who drew the concepts from the four Vedas. He synthesized pathya (words) from the Rigveda, abhinaya (expressions) from the Yajurveda, geet (music) from the Samaveda, and rasa (aesthetic experience) from the Atharvaveda to form the Natya Veda. This divine knowledge was then passed on to Bharata Muni, who composed the Natya Shastra.

Bharatanatyam's early history is closely tied to the temples of Tamil Nadu, where it was performed as a form of worship. The dance was an integral part of the temple rituals, aimed at pleasing the deities and invoking divine blessings. This tradition was carried forward by the Devadasis, or temple dancers, who were dedicated to the service of the gods. These women were highly skilled in dance, music, and literature, and played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting the art form through generations.

The Devadasis performed Bharatanatyam as part of the daily rituals in temples, during festivals, and at special occasions. Their performances were considered an offering to the deities, blending sacredness with artistic expression. The dance form was thus deeply embedded in the religious and cultural life of the community.

The early 20th century witnessed a revival of Bharatanatyam, thanks to the efforts of dedicated artists and cultural enthusiasts. Key figures like Rukmini Devi Arundale, E. Krishna Iyer, and Balasaraswati played pivotal roles in resurrecting Bharatanatyam, transforming it from a temple art to a respected classical dance form performed on modern stages.

Bharatanatyam is a testament to the enduring legacy of Indian classical arts. Its journey from ancient temple rituals to contemporary global stages underscores its resilience and timeless appeal. By preserving and perpetuating Bharatanatyam, we honor not only an art form but also a rich cultural heritage that continues to inspire and enrich our lives. Through its intricate movements, expressive storytelling, and spiritual depth, Bharatanatyam remains a beacon of cultural continuity and artistic excellence.